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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Acute Leukemia. We will begin by differentiating between the two main types of acute leukemia—acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML)—focusing on their distinct cellular origins, epidemiology, and associated risk factors such as genetic mutations, prior chemotherapy, and certain congenital disorders.
We’ll then dive into the pathophysiology, highlighting how disruptions in normal hematopoiesis lead to the rapid proliferation of immature blast cells, crowding out healthy blood cell lines. This will set the stage for a discussion on the clinical manifestations, including anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, bone pain, and central nervous system involvement in certain subtypes.
From there, we transition into the diagnostic approach, covering key laboratory findings such as pancytopenia and circulating blasts, and essential diagnostic tools like peripheral smear, bone marrow biopsy, flow cytometry, and cytogenetic studies including t(12;21) and t(15;17).
Finally, we’ll explore treatment strategies, including the role of chemotherapy protocols like ALL induction regimens and ATRA therapy in APL (a subtype of AML), as well as the use of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in high-risk or relapsed cases. Enjoy the lecture, and please support us below!
0:00 Lab
0:41 Pathophysiology of Acute Leukemia
26:08 Classic Findings of Acute Leukemia
38:26 Complications of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
1:00:38 Complications of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
1:17:18 Diagnostic Approach to Acute Leukemia
1:24:28 Treatment of Acute Leukemia
1:37:31 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy delivers a comprehensive and high-yield breakdown of Coagulopathy, diving deep into the mechanisms, causes, and clinical significance of bleeding and clotting disorders related to the coagulation cascade. This video explores both congenital and acquired coagulopathies, offering a clear framework for understanding these critical hemostatic abnormalities.
We begin by reviewing the normal physiology of coagulation, including the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways, as well as the roles of vitamin K, calcium, and various coagulation factors. Zach then transitions into detailed discussions on common inherited coagulopathies like hemophilia A and B, and von Willebrand disease, highlighting key differences in pathophysiology, lab findings (such as PT, aPTT, and bleeding time), and clinical manifestations.
The lecture continues with a focused review of acquired coagulopathies, such as liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, anticoagulant use (e.g., warfarin, heparin), and DIC. You’ll also learn how to interpret mixing studies, identify patterns of lab abnormalities, and approach the evaluation of a bleeding patient using real clinical logic.
This lecture concludes with a high-yield comparison of the most commonly tested coagulopathies for exams like USMLE, COMLEX, and PANCE, incorporating memorable clinical pearls and integrative charts to help reinforce your understanding. Whether you’re in the preclinical years or prepping for boards, this video will give you the tools you need to master coagulopathy.
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy breaks down the essential concepts of Platelet Disorders, providing an in-depth review of the physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical relevance of these conditions. The lecture begins by exploring the origin, structure, and function of platelets in hemostasis, followed by a detailed discussion on quantitative and qualitative platelet disorders.
Topics include thrombocytopenia (with causes such as bone marrow failure, increased destruction, and sequestration), and thrombocytosis (both reactive and clonal), with a strong focus on the clinical implications and diagnostic approach. Zach also dives into immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)—explaining their distinguishing features, lab findings, and treatments.
The lecture wraps up with a high-yield comparison of the most commonly tested platelet disorders on board exams, with real clinical pearls to help you master this material. Whether you’re preparing for the USMLE or sharpening your clinical knowledge, this video is packed with valuable content to solidify your understanding.
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Ninja Nerds! In this extensive lecture, Professor Zach Murphy delves into the topic of blood transfusions, starting with the basics of whole blood and breaking it down into its components like packed red blood cells (PRBCs), platelets, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), cryoprecipitate, and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC). He explains in detail the indications for each type of blood product based on various clinical scenarios such as anemia, hemorrhagic shock, coagulopathies, and thrombocytopenia. The lecture then explores transfusion reactions, including febrile non-hemolytic reactions, hemolytic reactions (acute and delayed), allergic/anaphylactic reactions, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), and transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO). Finally, the video covers pre-transfusion testing processes, blood product modifications, and the proper response to transfusion reactions. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!
Ninja Nerds! In this lecture, we discuss Macrocytic Anemia, focusing on the primary types and their clinical significance. We cover Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Folate Deficiency, Alcohol Use Disorder, Hypothyroidism, Liver Disease, Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS), and Medication-Induced Macrocytosis.
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In this lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the Vagus Nerve
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In this lecture, we discuss Normocytic Anemia, focusing on the primary types and their clinical significance. We cover Aplastic Anemia, Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH), G6PD Deficiency, Hereditary Spherocytosis, Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA), Sickle Cell Anemia, Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA), and Acute Blood Loss Anemia (ABLA). Enjoy the lecture!
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In this lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the Glossopharyngeal Nerve!
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Microcytic Anemia, discussing key conditions such as Iron Deficiency Anemia, Anemia of Chronic Disease, Beta Thalassemia Major, and Sideroblastic Anemia. We’ll explore the underlying mechanisms of these anemias, including disruptions in hemoglobin synthesis and iron metabolism, as well as their clinical presentations and complications. The session will transition to a digital presentation focused on the diagnostic approach, including laboratory evaluation and imaging, as well as the treatment strategies for each type of microcytic anemia. Enjoy the lecture!
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In this lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the Vestibulocochlear Nerve. Please be sure to support us below!
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Diuretics, including the different classes such as loop diuretics, thiazides, potassium-sparing diuretics, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. We’ll explore their mechanisms of action, focusing on how each type affects electrolyte balance and fluid excretion in the kidneys. The session will transition to a digital presentation that highlights indications for diuretic use, common side effects, and specific considerations for managing conditions like hypertension, heart failure, and edema. Finally, we’ll discuss the monitoring and management strategies to optimize diuretic therapy in clinical practice. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!
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In this lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the Facial Nerve. Please be sure to support us below!
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on IV Fluids, covering key topics such as crystalloid solutions, osmolarity, and tonicity. We’ll discuss the various types of IV fluids, including isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, and discuss their specific uses and effects on fluid balance within the body. The session will transition to a digital presentation focused on indications for IV fluid therapy, routes of administration, and the monitoring of patients’ volume status. Finally, we’ll review potential complications associated with IV fluid use and explore best practices for effective fluid management. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!
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In this informative lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the Trigeminal Nerve. Please be sure to support us below!
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Urinalysis in an exclusive digital format. We’ll cover the fundamentals of this essential diagnostic tool, examining the components of a routine urinalysis, including physical, chemical, and microscopic analysis. The lecture will explore the clinical significance of findings such as proteinuria, hematuria, and abnormal pH levels, helping you understand their implications in conditions like urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and metabolic disorders. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!
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In this lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens Nerves. Please be sure to support us below!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Nephrolithiasis, covering the types of kidney stones, including calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, struvite, uric acid, and cystine stones. We’ll dive into the pathophysiology behind stone formation and the factors that increase the risk of developing kidney stones. The session will then transition to a digital presentation focused on the clinical presentation, including symptoms like flank pain and hematuria, as well as the diagnostic approach with imaging and laboratory tests. Finally, we’ll review management strategies for Nephrolithiasis, discussing medical therapy, dietary modifications, and procedural interventions such as lithotripsy and ureteroscopy. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!
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In this informative lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, explores the optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II), demonstrating vision assessment techniques and explaining common conditions affecting eyesight. Please be sure to support us below!
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Cystic Kidney Disease, including autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), and simple versus complex renal cysts. We’ll explore the pathophysiology behind cyst formation and kidney enlargement, as well as how these conditions can lead to complications like hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and infection. The session will transition to a digital presentation focused on the diagnostic approach, highlighting imaging studies and genetic testing, as well as the management strategies for Cystic Kidney Disease, including both supportive and targeted therapies. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!
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In this informative lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, explores Cranial Nerve I - the olfactory nerve. She covers its unique structure, function, and pathway from nasal receptors to brain processing, along with common clinical conditions affecting our sense of smell.
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy presents on Tubulointerstitial Disease, covering a range of conditions such as Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN), Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN), and Papillary Necrosis. We will explore the pathophysiology of tubulointerstitial damage, focusing on both acute and chronic forms of the disease. The clinical manifestations can range from mild symptoms such as polyuria and nocturia to more severe outcomes like chronic kidney disease and electrolyte imbalances. The session will then transition to a digital presentation covering the diagnostic approach, including urinalysis, imaging studies, and biopsy techniques, as well as the management strategies for Tubulointerstitial Disease, emphasizing the treatment of underlying causes and supportive care. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!
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In this informative lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the cranial nerves. It will be an overview lecture on cranial nerves that discuss their location, function, and how they are assessed. Please help support us below!
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Glomerular Diseases. We will begin by discussing the pathophysiology of glomerular disorders, focusing on both nephrotic and nephritic syndromes. This will include understanding the underlying mechanisms and causes, such as primary glomerular disorders and systemic diseases with secondary glomerular involvement. We will then transition into the complications that arise from these disorders, including edema, hypertension, renal failure, and hypercoagulability. Following this, we will cover the diagnostic approach to differentiate between nephrotic and nephritic syndromes, and how to identify the underlying causes. Finally, we will conclude this lecture with the treatment of glomerular disorders, focusing on both complications and the underlying diseases. We hope you enjoy this lecture. Be sure to support us below!
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In this informative lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the blood flow to the brain, including the Circle of Willis.
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). During this lecture, we will start by discussing the causes of AKI. This will include the prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes. We will then transition into the pathophysiology and most common clinical features associated in patients with an AKI. We will then conclude this lecture with the diagnosis and treatment of an AKI. We hope you enjoy this lecture. Be sure to support us below!
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In this informative lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will delve into the complex topic of the Meninges that make up the Central Nervous System. We will explore their important functions and the crucial role they play in maintaining optimal neurological health. Please be sure to support us below!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will discuss Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). We will begin by exploring the various causes of CKD, including hypertension, diabetes, and glomerulonephritis. Following this, we will discuss the pathophysiology and most common clinical features associated with CKD, such as fatigue, fluid retention, and electrolyte imbalances. Finally, we will conclude the lecture by covering the diagnosis and management of CKD, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacologic therapies, and potential renal replacement therapies. We hope you find this lecture informative and engaging. Don’t forget to support us by liking, sharing, and subscribing below!
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In this lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will discuss the Brain Stem. This will include the midbrain, pons, and medulla. This lecture will also discuss a brief overview of cranial nerves III - XII which all exit from various locations within the brainstem. We hope you enjoy this video and be sure to support us below!
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Professor Zach Murphy explores Calcium Disorders, focusing on Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia, in this comprehensive lecture. The session delves into the pathophysiology, underlying causes, potential complications, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for both low and high calcium levels. Whether you're studying for exams or seeking a deeper understanding of calcium imbalances, this lecture provides valuable insights and practical knowledge.
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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing the Diencephalon which includes the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, and Subthalamus. You will be learning about these anatomical structures and functions in addition to a brief discussion on the Pineal and Pituitary Gland. We hope you enjoy this video and be sure to support us below!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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Professor Zach Murphy dives deep into Acid-Base Disorders in this comprehensive lecture. Covering both Metabolic and Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis, the session explores their pathophysiology, potential complications, underlying causes, and diagnostic approaches. Whether you're a medical student or a healthcare professional, this lecture provides essential insights into maintaining and understanding the body's acid-base balance.
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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing the Cerebellum. We will be describing the anatomical regions of the cerebellum and the cerebellar nuclei. We hope you enjoy this video and be sure to support us below!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present Potassium Disorders, which include hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. We will explore the pathophysiology of potassium imbalances, focusing on the conditions of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. The clinical manifestations can range from mild symptoms like muscle weakness to more severe outcomes such as arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. The session will then transition to a digital presentation covering the diagnostic approach, including laboratory evaluations and imaging studies, as well as the management strategies for Potassium Disorders, emphasizing acute and chronic treatment options. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!
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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing the Cerebrum & Cerebral Cortex. We will be identifying and describing the four major lobes of the brain including the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes in addition to describing each of their functions. We hope you enjoy this video and be sure to support us below!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will delve into Volume Disorders, featuring hypovolemia and hypervolemia. We'll explore the pathophysiology of these conditions, examining causes like poor intake, renal fluid loss, and excessive fluid retention. The session transitions to a digital presentation on the complications, including hypotension and edema, and their clinical manifestations such as tachycardia, altered mental status, and pulmonary edema. We'll then review the diagnostic approach, focusing on history, physical exams, and lab evaluations. Finally, management strategies will be discussed, highlighting treatments like fluid replacement and diuretics. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!
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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing the overview of the Central Nervous System (CNS). We will be discussing the structure and function of the cerebrum and cerebral cortex, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem, and the meninges. We hope you enjoy this video and be sure to support us below!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present Sodium Disorders, which include hyponatremia and hypernatremia. We will discuss the pathophysiology behind sodium imbalances, focusing on conditions such as hyponatremia and hypernatremia. The session will then transition to a digital presentation covering the clinical manifestations, which can range from mild symptoms like nausea and headache to more severe outcomes such as seizures and coma. Finally, we will review the diagnostic approach, including laboratory evaluations and imaging studies, as well as the management strategies for Sodium Disorders, emphasizing acute and chronic treatment options. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Nephrolithiasis, also known as Kidney Stones. These renal calculi can be in several different forms including calcium oxalate stones, calcium phosphate stones, struvite stones (Staghorn), uric acid stones, and cystine stones. Calculi typically form in the kidneys and ideally leave the body spontaneously via the urethra without pain. Larger stones (like Struvite Stones) are very painful and may need surgical intervention. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso, Aldrich Christandy, and Sarah Abi
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Nephritic Syndrome. We will begin this lecture by explaining the normal anatomical functions of the glomerular filtration barrier. We will then define what Nephritic Syndrome is and all of the effects that it can have on patients. We will also be discussing the causes of Nephritic syndrome including Anti GBM Disease (Good Pasture Syndrome), ANCA Vasculitis (GPA, EPA, MPA), Hereditary Nephritis (Alport Syndrome), Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis, IGA Nephropathy, Lupus Nephritis, Membrano-Proliferative Glomerulonephritis. We conclude this lecture with the diagnostic approach to Nephritic Syndrome and how we can treat the complications that are a result from this disease. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Sarah Abi, Jude Loyola
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Urinary Tract Infections (UTI). A UTI is an infection in any part of the urinary system, the kidneys, bladder, or urethra.
Urinary tract infections are more common in women. They usually occur in the bladder or urethra, but more serious infections involve the kidney.
A bladder infection may cause pelvic pain, increased urge to urinate, pain with urination, and blood in the urine. A kidney infection may cause back pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
A UTI is most commonly treated with various antibiotics which we will be discussing in this lecture. We hope you enjoy this video!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Nephrotic Syndrome. We will begin this lecture by explaining the normal anatomical functions of the glomerular filtration barrier. We will then define what Nephrotic Syndrome is and all of the effects that it can have on patients. We will also be discussing the causes of Nephrotic syndrome including minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, and amyloid nephropathy. We conclude this lecture with the diagnostic approach to Nephrotic Syndrome and how we can treat the complications that are a result from this disease. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Gerard Jude Loyola
The illustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta
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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Renal Calculi. Renal Calculi (also called kidney stones, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys.
Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones. Kidney stones can affect any part of your urinary tract — from your kidneys to your bladder. Often, stones form when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together.
We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (also known as NHL, or sometimes just lymphoma) is a cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the body’s immune system. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Peritoneal Dialysis. Peritoneal Dialysis is a type of dialysis which uses the peritoneum in a person's abdomen as the membrane through which fluid and dissolved substances are exchanged with the blood. It is used to remove excess fluid, correct electrolyte problems, and remove toxins in those with kidney failure. Peritoneal dialysis has better outcomes than hemodialysis during the first couple of years. Other benefits include greater flexibility and better tolerability in those with significant heart disease.
Complications may include infections within the abdomen, hernias, high blood sugar, bleeding in the abdomen, and blockage of the catheter. Use is not possible in those with significant prior abdominal surgery or inflammatory bowel disease. It requires some degree of technical skill to be done properly.
In peritoneal dialysis, a specific solution is introduced through a permanent tube in the lower abdomen and then removed. This may either occur at regular intervals throughout the day, known as continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), or at night with the assistance of a machine, known as automated peritoneal dialysis (APD).
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Sarah Abi
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting immune system. In Hodgkin's lymphoma, white blood cells called lymphocytes grow out of control, causing swollen lymph nodes and growths throughout the body. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The illustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina
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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Hemodialysis. Hemodialysis is a procedure where a dialysis machine and a special filter called an artificial kidney, or a dialyzer, are used to clean your blood. In order to receive dialysis, a minor surgery is performed to the arm to create an arteriovenous shunt.
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Aspiration. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso, Sarah Abi
The illustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta
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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Chronic kidney disease, also known as chronic renal disease or CKD, is a condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time.
Chronic kidney disease includes conditions that damage your kidneys and decrease their ability to keep you healthy by filtering wastes from your blood. If kidney disease worsens, wastes can build to high levels in your blood and make you feel sick. You may develop complications like:
- Hypertension
- Anemia
- Osteoporosis
- Poor nutritional health
- Nerve damage
Kidney disease also increases your risk of having heart and blood vessel disease. These problems may happen slowly over a long time. Early detection and treatment can often keep chronic kidney disease from getting worse. When kidney disease progresses, it may eventually lead to kidney failure, which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to maintain life.
We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Esophageal Motility Disorders. An esophageal motility disorder (EMD) is a disorder of the esophagus that may cause swallowing difficulties, spasms of pain or regurgitation of food. During this lecture we will be discussing the four main types of esophageal motility disorders. These will include the following:
Achalasia: Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that affects the ability of the esophagus to move food toward the stomach. It may occur at any age, but is typically more common in middle-aged and older persons. It may be inherited, as well.
Diffuse Esophageal Spasm: This type of esophageal motility disorder is caused by spasm or poor contraction of the smooth muscle that lines the esophagus.
Esophageal scleroderma: As in most autoimmune disorders, the body attacks itself, causing the scarring and thickening of the esophagus tissues. This causes abnormal functioning of the smooth muscle of the esophagus, inhibiting its ability to move food toward the stomach.
We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). CML is a type of cancer that affects the blood and the bone marrow. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jude Loyola, and Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina
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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Nephrotic vs. Nephritic Syndrome. We will be learning how these two conditions can be differentiated and how patients will most commonly present. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jude Loyola
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Esophagitis. Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus. Esophagitis can cause painful, difficult swallowing and chest pain. Many different things can cause esophagitis. Some common causes include stomach acids backing up into the esophagus, infection, oral medicines and allergies. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The llustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). CLL is a type of cancer that affects the blood and the bone marrow. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy, and Gerard Jude Loyola
The ilustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina
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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). AKI, previously called acute renal failure (ARF), denotes a sudden and often reversible reduction in kidney function, as measured by glomerular filtration rate (GFR).Although, immediately after a renal insult, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) or creatinine levels may be within the normal range. The only sign of acute kidney injury may be a decline in urine output. AKI can lead to the accumulation of water, sodium, and other metabolic products. It can also result in several electrolyte disturbances. It is a very common condition, especially among hospitalized patients. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the esophagus. This acid reflux can irritate the lining of your esophagus and cause damage and common clinical features which will be discussed during this lecture. Many people experience acid reflux from time to time. However, when acid reflux happens repeatedly over time, it can cause GERD. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The llustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML). AML is a type of cancer that affects the blood and the bone marrow. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy and Jude Loyola
The llustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina
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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Acute Glomerulonephritis. Acute glomerulonephritis is defined as inflammation and subsequent damage of the glomeruli leading to hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia. It may be caused by primary renal disease or systemic conditions. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Pleural Diseases. The conditions we will be discussing will include pleural effusion, atelectasis, pneumothorax, and tension pneumothorax.
A pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in between the parietal and visceral pleura, called the pleural cavity. It can occur by itself or can be the result of surrounding parenchymal disease like infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or lobe of the lung. It occurs when the alveoli within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.
A pneumothorax is a collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity. It occurs when air accumulates between the parietal and visceral pleura inside the chest. The air accumulation can apply pressure on the lung and make it collapse.
A tension pneumothorax occurs when air accumulates between the chest wall and the lung and increases pressure in the chest, reducing the amount of blood returned to the heart. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and a racing heart, followed by shock.
We hope you enjoy this lecture!
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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). ALL is a type of cancer that affects the blood and the bone marrow. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy and Jude Loyola
The llustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing BUN and Creatinine, which are important tests of kidney function. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. As a result, two TB-related conditions exist: latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB disease. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy & Jude Loyola
The llustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Pulmonary Hypertension! Pulmonary hypertension is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart. In one form of pulmonary hypertension, called pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), blood vessels in the lungs are narrowed, blocked or destroyed. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The llustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Glomerular Filtration Rate. During this lecture we will be discussing how the kidneys filter blood and how we measure these values utilizing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We will also be discussing how kidney diseases can affect the GFR and cause injury. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jan Camille Santico
The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Restrictive Lung Diseases or also known as Interstitial Lung Diseases. We begin this lecture by discussing the types of restrictive lung diseases and how they can develop. The types of restrictive lung diseases we discuss include granulomatous diseases, pneumoconiosis, and collagen vascular diseases. We will conclude this lecture by discussing the diagnosis and treatment of restrictive lung diseases. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jude Loyola, Jona Mae Frondoso and Sarah Abi
The llustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Pheochromocytoma. Adrenal Medulla Hormones: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Causes , Rule of 10’s, Pathophysiology, Diagnostic and Treatment Approach to Pheochromocytoma We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Sohani Kashi
The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Urinary Incontinence. We will begin this lecture by reviewing the physiology of the micturition reflex. We will then move into the different types of incontinence including urge, stress, overflow, mixed, and functional incontinence. We will conclude this lecture with the signs and symptoms, tests and assessments, nursing interventions, and the treatment / education of a patient that has urinary incontinence. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jude Loyola
The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Pneumonia. During this lecture we will be discussing the causes / pathophysiology, the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. We hope you enjoy this lecture and!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The illustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Adrenal Insufficiency. This includes Adrenal Cortex Hormones: Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens, Primary and Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency, Adrenal Crisis, Diagnostic and Treatment Approach to Adrenal Insufficiency. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Sohani Kashi
The llustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Urine Specific Gravity. Urine specific gravity is a laboratory test that shows the concentration of all chemical particles in the urine. The normal range for urine specific gravity is 1.0101 to 1.030. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories or institutions. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Ana Guerra
The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Obstructive Lung Diseases. The obstructive lung diseases we will be discussing is COPD, asthma, and bronchiectasis. We will be breaking this lecture down by discussing the causes & pathophysiology, features & complications, diagnosis, and treatment of each of these obstructive lung diseases. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The Introduction and Types, and Pathophysiology of Obstructive Lung DIseases by Jan Camille Santico
Features & Complications of Obstructive Lung Diseases by Sarah Abi
Diagnosis and Treatment by Jude Loyola
The illustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Hyperaldosteronism. Hyperaldosteronism occurs when the adrenal glands release too much aldosterone. Primary hyperaldosteronism is due to a problem of the adrenal glands themselves. Most cases are caused by a noncancerous (benign) tumor of the adrenal gland. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jude Loyola
The llustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Urine Formation and Micturition. During this lecture we will briefly review the blood flow of the Kidney. We will then discuss how filtrate is formed through processes like glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. We will then conclude this lecture on micturition and the mechanisms that allow for us to know when it is time to urinate. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Lung Neoplasms. The lung neoplasms we will be discussing will be separated into categories including mediastinal masses, lung cancer, and pulmonary nodule. We will then be moving into the features and complications of lung neoplasms. We conclude this lecture with the diagnosis and treatment of lung neoplasms. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Ana Guerra
The illustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Cushing's Syndrome. During this lecture we will start by discussing the hormone Cortisol and the reasons why excess Cortisol results in many abnormal features. We will also be comparing Cushing's Syndrome vs Cushing's Disease and how they differ from each other. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Gerard Jude Loyola
The illustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Basic Renal Lab Values. We will be discussing three basic lab values that you must know for the NCLEX and when assessing the kidneys. These will include the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), and Creatinine. We hope you enjoy this lecture !
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Acute Respiratory Failure, including Type 1- Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure and Type 2- Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure, Diagnosis, and Treatment, and Practice cases We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christiandy and Jude Loyola
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Renal Blood Flow. We will be discussing how a drop of blood from the heart travels to the kidney and throughout the Renal System. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on the Cytoskeleton Structure & Function. During this lecture we will be continuing our discussion of the cell and the organelles that make up the cell. For this lesson, we will be talking about the cytoskeleton and the important role it performs for the overall cell structure. Three important categories of the cytoskeleton will be discussed including the microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. We will also be including a cytoskeleton animation from our talented friends @nucleusmedicalmedia . This video is a collaboration between @NinjaNerdOfficial + @nucleusmedicalmedia . If you want to see more scientifically accurate animations on anatomy, physiology, diseases, and conditions - Check out @nucleusmedicalmedia for more amazing scientific and medical content! We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Gerard Jude Loyola
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be presenting on the Renal System and discussing its Structure & Function. This lecture will begin by using an overview diagram of the Renal System and learning about the structures that make up the Kidney. We will then discuss the Renal Systems intricate structures and blood supply in more detail. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Shock. During this lecture we will be discussing the causes / pathophysiology of hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive shock. We will then transition into the features and complication of shock, discussing how patients most commonly will present in each category of shock. We will conclude this lecture with the diagnosis / hemodynamic parameters of shock, followed by the treatment for each category of shock. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The illustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Peroxisomes Structure & Function. Fatty Acid Oxidation, Hydrogen Peroxide Metabolism, Biosynthetic Functions, and Ethanol Metabolism. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Ana Guerra
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be presenting on Wound Drainage. During this lecture we will talk about various types of wound drainage including sanguineous, serosanguineous, serous, and purulent. We will conclude with the important documentation that Nurses must make on types of drainage including color, consistency, amount, and odor. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Peripheral Artery Disease. We will begin this lecture by talking about the pathophysiology of peripheral artery disease including the thrombotic and embolic causes. We will then discuss the features and complications of peripheral artery disease and how patients most commonly present. We will then conclude this lecture with the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery disease. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christiandy and Gerard Jude Loyola
The illustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Lysosomes Structure & Function and Autolysis We hope you enjoy this
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Ana Guerra
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Secondary Skin Lesions including Erosions, Ulcers, Fissures, Excoriations, Atrophy, Crusts, Scales, Scars, Bulla, and Lichenification. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Lipid Disorders. This will include dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. We will begin this lecture by discussing the normal physiology of lipids and how our body metabolizes and utilizes lipids. We will then be discussing the acquired causes of lipid disorders like diabetes, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, and medications that have a negative effect. We will then be moving onto the features and complications from these lipid disorders, how we diagnose these conditions, and finally the treatment which is most commonly with Statins. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christiandy and Gerard Jude Loyola
The illustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on the Mitochondria Structure & Function. During this lecture we will be continuing our discussion of the cell and the organelles that make up the cell. For this lesson, we will be talking about the mitochondria or the powerhouse of the cell and the functions this important organelle is responsible for. We will also be including a mitochondria animation from our talented friends @nucleusmedicalmedia . This video is a collaboration between @NinjaNerdOfficial + @nucleusmedicalmedia . If you want to see more scientifically accurate animations on anatomy, physiology, diseases, and conditions - Check out @nucleusmedicalmedia for more amazing scientific and medical content! We hope you enjoy this lecture and be sure to support us below! We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christiandy
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Primary Skin Lesions including Macules, Patchs, Papules, Plaques, Nodules, Tumors, Wheals, Vesicles, Bulla, and Pustules. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on the Golgi Apparatus. During this lecture we will be continuing our discussion of the cell and the organelles that make up the cell. For this lesson, we will be talking about the Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body and the functions it is responsible for. We will also be including a Golgi Apparatus animation from our talented friends at @nucleusmedicalmedia . This video is a collaboration between @NinjaNerdOfficial + @nucleusmedicalmedia . If you want to see more scientifically accurate animations on anatomy, physiology, diseases, and conditions - Check out @nucleusmedicalmedia for more amazing scientific and medical content! We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jan Camille Santico
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be presenting on Skin Color Assessment. Throughout this lecture we will be discussing the importance of conducting a detailed skin inspection and noting skin appearances such as pallor, cyanosis, erythema, and jaundice. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on the Endoplasmic Reticulum. During this lecture we will be continuing our discussion of the cell and the organelles that make up the cell. For this lesson, we will be talking about the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum and the functions they are responsible for. We will also be including an endoplasmic reticulum animation from our talented friends at @nucleusmedicalmedia . This video is a collaboration between @NinjaNerdOfficial and @nucleusmedicalmedia If you want to see more scientifically accurate animations on anatomy, physiology, diseases, and conditions - Check out @nucleusmedicalmedia for more amazing scientific and medical content! We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be presenting on Wound Healing. Previously, we discussed topics such as pressure injuries, wound staging, and the Braden Scale. We now have all the information we need in order to identify, describe and document pressure injuries and various stages of wounds. We will now learn the pathophysiology and primary stages that occur with wound healing. We conclude this lecture with the nasty types of wounds that aren't healing as expected and the barriers/complications that can cause these chronic wounds. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Cell Nucleus Structure & Function. During this lecture we will be starting with the two primary structures of the nucleus. This will include the nuclear envelope and the nuclear content. Our talented friends from @nucleusmedicalmedia created an animation that will then outline what we have talked about in regards to the cell nucleus. The conclusion of this lecture is spent talking about the functions of the nucleus including the nuclear envelope, chromatin, and the nucleolus. This video is a collaboration between @NinjaNerdOfficial and @nucleusmedicalmedia . If you want to see more scientifically accurate animations on anatomy, physiology, diseases, and conditions - Check out @nucleusmedicalmedia more amazing scientific and medical content! We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Sarah Abimhamed
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be presenting on the Braden Scale. The Braden Scale is a scale made up of six sub-scales, which measure elements of risk that contribute to either higher intensity and duration of pressure or lower tissue tolerance for pressure. These are: sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, friction, and shear. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Cell Membrane Structure & Function. During this lecture we will be discussing the three main components of the cell membrane. These include membrane lipids, membrane proteins, and the glycocalyx. We have teamed up with the incredibly talented @nucleusmedicalmedia to provide an overview animation of the cell membrane. This video is a collaboration between @NinjaNerdOfficial and @nucleusmedicalmedia . If you want to see more scientifically accurate animations on anatomy, physiology, diseases, and conditions - Check out @nucleusmedicalmedia for more amazing scientific and medical content!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Ana Guerra
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak
Ninja Nerds!
In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be presenting on Wound Staging. We will be continuing our conversation on pressure injuries and will now transition on how nurses and other health care professionals stage the progression of these integumentary changes. The Wound Staging is classified by a Stage 1, Stage 2 (Partial Thickness), Stage 3 (Full Thickness), Stage 4 (Full Thickness with Tissue Loss), Deep Tissue Injury, and Unstageable. We hope you enjoy this lecture!
The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Gerard Jude Loyola
The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak