Vasculitis

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy delivers a comprehensive and high-yield breakdown of the major gynecological cancers, including ovarian, endometrial, cervical, vaginal, and vulvar malignancies.

We begin with ovarian cancer, reviewing the major tumor types—epithelial, germ cell, and sex-cord stromal—and the classic tumor markers that help in diagnosis. Zach explains how patients often present late with bloating, early satiety, and pelvic pain, and we highlight complications such as ascites, pleural effusion, bowel obstruction, and ovarian torsion.

Next, we turn to endometrial cancer, focusing on the differences between estrogen-dependent Type I and estrogen-independent Type II disease. Risk factors like obesity, nulliparity, and tamoxifen use are reviewed, along with the hallmark symptom of abnormal uterine bleeding. Complications such as anemia and pyometra are also discussed.

The lecture continues with cervical cancer, where we outline how HPV infection disrupts tumor suppressor pathways, leading to neoplasia. We cover the diagnostic sequence from Pap smears and HPV testing to colposcopy and cone biopsy, as well as staging and management. Key complications like hydronephrosis and metastatic spread to the bladder, rectum, bone, and lungs are emphasized.

We then examine vaginal and vulvar cancers. Vaginal cancer, most often secondary to cervical spread, is contrasted with primary HPV-driven cases. For vulvar cancer, we explore its dual pathways: HPV-related disease in younger women and chronic inflammatory dermatoses, like lichen sclerosus, in older women. Persistent pruritus is emphasized as a classic early feature.

The session concludes by unifying the risk factors, hallmark clinical features, diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, and preventive measures across all five cancers. Zach highlights the role of HPV vaccination, barrier protection, and routine screening in reducing the burden of gynecological cancers.

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Table of Contents:

0:00 Lab
1:00 Pathophysiology and Risk Factors of Ovarian Cancer
28:43 Classic Findings and Complications of Ovarian Cancer
44:20 Pathophysiology and Risk Factors of Endometrial Cancer
58:27 Classic Findings and Complications of Endometrial Cancer
1:05:53 Pathophysiology and Risk Factors of Cervical Cancer
1:19:44 Classic Findings and Complications of Cervical Cancer
1:28:54 Pathophysiology and Risk Factors of Vaginal and Vulvar Cancer
1:35:35 Diagnostic Approach to Ovarian Cancer
1:43:43 Diagnostic Approach to Endometrial Cancer
1:46:41 Diagnostic Approach to Cervical Cancer
1:59:13 Cervical Cancer Screening
2:03:54 Diagnostic Approach to Vulvar Cancer
2:04:47 Treatment Approach to Ovarian Cancer
2:09:09 Treatment Approach to Endometrial Cancer
2:12:58 Treatment Approach to Cervical Cancer
2:14:41 Treatment Approach to Vaginal Cancer
2:14:57 Treatment Approach to Vulvar Cancer
2:15:16 Treatment Approach to HPV Related Cancers
2:17:38 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

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Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy presents on the Anatomy of the Heart and Coronary Circulation. The session begins with an in-depth digital presentation using professional anatomical illustrations to explore the external and internal structure of the heart, including the fibrous and serous pericardium, the pericardial cavity, and the major surface landmarks. We identify the chambers of the heart and their key external features, including the right atrium with its auricle, the right ventricle with its anterior dominance, the left atrium receiving pulmonary veins, and the left ventricle forming the apex.

We then transition inside the heart to examine the flow of blood through the chambers and valves, emphasizing the tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic valves and the structural components that keep them competent, including chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. The lecture continues with a detailed walkthrough of the interatrial and interventricular septa, highlighting clinically relevant features such as the fossa ovalis and the membranous septum as a key site for congenital defects and conduction system vulnerability.

Next, we break down the heart’s conduction system, tracing the electrical pathway from the SA node to the AV node, through the bundle of His and bundle branches, and into the Purkinje fibers. We connect this anatomy to clinical correlations, including why AV nodal or septal ischemia can produce bradyarrhythmias and heart block patterns.

We then focus on the coronary circulation in detail, mapping the right coronary artery and left coronary artery with their major branches, including the right marginal artery, posterior descending artery, left anterior descending artery, and circumflex artery. We emphasize coronary dominance patterns and how they influence which territories are affected during occlusion. Venous drainage is reviewed through the coronary sinus and its main tributaries, tying this to the posterior relationships of the heart and the importance of the atrioventricular groove.

We also cover the pericardial and cardiac innervation, reviewing sympathetic and parasympathetic contributions and visceral pain referral patterns that explain typical anginal presentations.

To conclude, we transition to @Anatomage where we visualize the heart, pericardium, great vessels, and coronary arteries in real digital cadaveric images, reinforcing the three-dimensional relationships between the heart, lungs, mediastinum, and diaphragm.

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Check out @Anatomage | https://anatomage.com/ninjanerds

Table of Contents:

0:00 Lab

Structural Anatomy

00:56 Layers of the Heart Wall
4:43 Chambers of the Heart
18:42 Valves of the Heart

Vascular Supply

23:11 Arteries of the Coronary

Circulation

32:32 Veins of the Coronary Circulation

Cardiac Conduction System

36:17 Cardiac Conduction

Innervation of the Heart

40:24 Sympathetic Innervation (T1-T5 Cardiac Plexus)
41:56 Parasympathetic Innervation (Vagus nerve)

Great Vessels and Blood Flow

44:40 Deoxygenated Circuit
47:06 Heart Borders

Anatomage Visuals

49:00 Anatomage Heart Anatomy

Outro

51:58 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

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Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Vasculitis. We will discuss the pathophysiology of large, medium, and small vessel vasculitis, focusing on inflammation and its effects on the body. The session will highlight complications such as Giant Cell Arteritis, Takayasu's Arteritis, Polyarteritis Nodosa, Kawasaki Disease, and various small vessel vasculitides like GPA, EGPA, MPA, IgA Vasculitis, and Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis. We will then review the diagnostic approach and management strategies, emphasizing targeted treatments for each type. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!

Table of Contents:

0:00 Lab
0:11 Vasculitis Introduction
0:21 Pathophysiology | Large Vessel Vasculitis
4:42 Pathophysiology | Medium Vessel Vasculitis
5:29 Pathophysiology | Small Vessel Vasculitis
13:04 Complications | Large Vessel Vasculitis (Giant Cell Arteritis, Takayasu's Arteritis)
17:11 Complications | Medium Vessel Vasculitis (Polyarteritis Nodosa, Kawasaki Disease)
22:22 Complications | Small Vessel Vasculitis (GPA, EGPA, MPA, IgA Vasculitis & Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis)
31:30 Diagnostic Approach to Vasculitis
38:14 Treatment | Large Vessel Vasculitis
41:29 Treatment | Medium Vessel Vasculitis
43:35 Treatment | Small Vessel Vasculitis
46:39 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy presents on Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Cancers. We begin by reviewing the pathophysiology, including the most common origins and cellular involvement in pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gallbladder cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma. Risk factors such as chronic pancreatitis, viral hepatitis, porcelain gallbladder, and primary sclerosing cholangitis are highlighted.

We then transition into the clinical presentation of these cancers, focusing on hallmark findings like painless jaundice, Courvoisier’s sign, ascites, and persistent right upper quadrant pain. Key complications, including cancer cachexia, hypercoagulability, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and paraneoplastic polycythemia, are also discussed.

The diagnostic approach is outlined step by step, emphasizing the role of liver function tests, ultrasound, CT pancreas protocol, MRCP, ERCP with biopsy, and tumor markers such as AFP and CA 19-9. Imaging findings such as the “double duct sign” and arterial hyperenhancement with venous washout are covered in detail.

Finally, we examine treatment strategies: Whipple procedure and chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer, surgical resection and systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma, cholecystectomy and chemotherapy for gallbladder cancer, and surgical resection with adjuvant therapy for cholangiocarcinoma. We also highlight when to consider transplant, radiofrequency ablation, and TACE as part of management.

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Table of Contents:
0:00 Lab
0:56 Pathophysiology and Risk Factors of Pancreatic Cancer
11:36 Classic Findings and Complications of Pancreatic Cancer
31:28 Pathophysiology and Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
37:21 Classic Findings and Complications of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
48:58 Pathophysiology and Risk Factors of Gallbladder Cancer
53:10 Classic Findings and Complications of Gallbladder Cancer
55:37 Pathophysiology and Risk Factors of Cholangiocarcinoma
1:01:15 Classic Findings and Complications of Cholangiocarcinoma
1:06:18 Diagnostic Approach to Pancreatic Cancer and Cholangiocarcinoma
1:12:55 Diagnostic Approach to Hepatocellular Carcinoma
1:17:58 Diagnostic Approach to Gallbladder Cancer
1:19:54 Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
1:24:32 Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma
1:27:10 Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
1:37:37 Treatment of Gallbladder Cancer1:39:15 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

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Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy delivers a comprehensive breakdown of Esophageal and Gastric Cancer, combining a detailed whiteboard discussion with our integrated digital presentation to give you the foundational understanding and the applied clinical framework you need.

We begin with esophageal cancer, reviewing the differences between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Zach explains the key risk factors, such as GERD, Barrett esophagus, smoking, and alcohol use, while highlighting the hallmark symptoms, including progressive dysphagia and weight loss.

The session then transitions into our digital presentation, where we walk through the diagnostic evaluation and treatment strategies step by step. You will see how to approach esophageal cancer using tools like barium swallow, EGD with biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound, and CT imaging for staging. Then, management pathways range from endoscopic resection in early disease to neoadjuvant chemoradiation and esophagectomy in advanced cases.

Next, we explore gastric cancer, focusing on intestinal-type adenocarcinoma often associated with chronic H. pylori infection and long-standing gastritis. Zach reviews the classic clinical features such as early satiety, melena, and epigastric discomfort. Our digital presentation then guides you through the staging process with EGD, biopsy, and imaging, along with treatment decisions including gastrectomy with lymph node dissection and the role of perioperative chemotherapy.

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Table of Contents:
0:00 Lab
0:51 Pathophysiology of Esophageal and Gastric Cancer
25:52 Classic Findings and Complications of Esophageal Cancer
36:31 Classic Findings and Complications of Gastric Cancer
52:41 Diagnostic Approach to Esophageal Cancer
1:01:10 Diagnostic Approach to Gastric Cancer
1:06:57 Treatment Approach to Esophageal Cancer
1:10:25 Treatment Approach to Gastric Cancer
1:13:38 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy provides a comprehensive and clinically relevant overview of testicular cancer, the most common solid malignancy in young adult men. This discussion integrates epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment, giving you a full understanding of this high-yield topic.

We begin by reviewing risk factors, including cryptorchidism, family history, prior testicular cancer, and certain genetic conditions. The lecture explains how these factors contribute to malignant transformation within the germinal epithelium, with a focus on the distinction between seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs), along with their differing growth patterns, metastasis tendencies, and treatment responses.

Zach then covers the clinical presentation, most often a painless unilateral testicular mass, and less commonly symptoms from metastatic spread, such as back pain, cough, or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. We discuss the key role of tumor markers—AFP, β-hCG, and LDH—in both diagnosis and follow-up, emphasizing their diagnostic specificity for tumor subtypes.

The diagnostic approach is outlined, highlighting scrotal ultrasound as the first-line imaging modality, staging with CT of the abdomen and pelvis, and the importance of avoiding transscrotal biopsy to prevent tumor seeding. Management strategies are reviewed based on staging and tumor type, including radical inguinal orchiectomy, radiation therapy for seminomas, and chemotherapy regimens for advanced disease.

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Table of Contents:

0:00 Lab
00:44 Pathophysiology of Testicular Cancer
25:21 Classic Findings and Complications of Testicular Cancer
42:19 Diagnostic Approach to Testicular Cancer
50:42 Treatment of Testicular Cancer
56:12 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy discusses urinary tract malignancies, emphasizing two of the most significant cancers affecting the urinary system—renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and bladder cancer.

We begin with renal cell carcinoma, reviewing its epidemiology, major risk factors such as smoking, obesity, hypertension, and genetic syndromes like von Hippel–Lindau disease. The discussion covers its hallmark clinical triad of hematuria, flank pain, and an abdominal mass, and other manifestations such as paraneoplastic syndromes (polycythemia, hypercalcemia, hepatic dysfunction). We explain diagnostic evaluation using imaging—highlighting CT and MRI as key tools—and the role of histopathologic subtypes, including clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe RCC.

Next, we transition to bladder cancer, beginning with its strong association with smoking, aromatic amine exposure, and chronic inflammation (e.g., schistosomiasis in endemic areas). We discuss common presentations like painless gross hematuria, frequency, urgency, and dysuria. The lecture reviews the diagnostic approach using cystoscopy, urine cytology, imaging, and the differences between non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive disease. Histologic emphasis is placed on urothelial carcinoma and addressing squamous cell and adenocarcinoma variants.

Finally, we compare the management strategies for each malignancy, including surgical resection, systemic therapy, immunotherapy, and intravesical treatments for bladder cancer. Prognostic factors, recurrence risks, and surveillance protocols are also discussed to give a comprehensive clinical picture.

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Table of Contents:

0:00 Lab
0:44 Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Malignancies
16:30 Risk Factors for Renal Cell Carcinoma
20:54 Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer
25:22 Classic Findings of Urinary Tract Malignancies
30:53 Complications of Renal Cell Carcinoma
46:15 Complications of Bladder Cancer
52:11 Diagnostic Approach to Urinary Tract Malignancies
1:03:48 Treatment of Urinary Tract Malignancies
1:14:41 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

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Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy presents a high-yield discussion on prostate cancer, the most commonly diagnosed non-skin cancer in men and a significant cause of cancer-related mortality. This session walks you through the key features of the disease, from pathogenesis to diagnosis and management.

We begin by examining epidemiology and risk factors, including age, African American ancestry, family history, and hormonal influences such as androgen receptor signaling. Zach then outlines the pathophysiology behind prostate cancer development and progression, highlighting how dysregulated cell growth leads to prostatic tissue transformation.

The lecture details clinical presentation, which can range from asymptomatic cases found through screening to urinary symptoms, bone pain due to metastases, or signs of spinal cord compression. We also cover the roles and limitations of PSA screening, digital rectal exam, and the use of transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, including the significance of the Gleason score for grading tumor aggressiveness.

Finally, we discuss imaging modalities like multiparametric MRI and bone scans and treatment strategies based on risk stratification, such as active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Emerging therapies and precision medicine approaches are also discussed to provide a complete understanding.

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Table of Contents:

0:00 Lab
0:37 Pathophysiology of Prostate Cancer
16:59 Complications of Prostate Cancer
27:57 Metastasis
37:52 Diagnostic Approach to Prostate Cancer
52:27 Treatment of Prostate Cancer
1:03:10 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

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Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy discusses colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most common malignancies and a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. This high-yield session emphasizes the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic approach, and treatment strategies for both colon and rectal cancer.

We begin by exploring the molecular pathways involved in colorectal carcinogenesis, including the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, microsatellite instability (MSI) pathway, and the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Zach highlights key mutations such as APC, KRAS, TP53, and MLH1/MSH2 that drive tumor progression in sporadic and inherited forms like Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).

The lecture reviews clinical features of CRC, including changes in bowel habits, occult or overt GI bleeding, iron deficiency anemia, and weight loss. We also discuss common anatomic locations—right-sided vs. left-sided tumors—and their differing presentations and behavior.We then review the diagnostic workup, focusing on colonoscopy with biopsy, tumor markers (CEA), and staging using CT imaging. Finally, treatment options are discussed based on stage and location, ranging from surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy to targeted therapies in metastatic disease.

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Table of Contents:

0:00 Lab
0:34 Pathophysiology of Colorectal Cancer
19:40 Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer
24:25 Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
36:05 Classic Findings and Complications of Colorectal Cancer
1:01:09 Diagnostic Approach to Colorectal Cancer
1:24:03 Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
1:35:36 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy presents on the anatomy of the Lungs and Pleura. The session begins with an in-depth digital presentation using professional anatomical illustrations to explore the structure and relationships of the lungs, including the right and left lung lobes, fissures, and surfaces. We identify key landmarks such as the apex, base, hilum, and root of the lungs, while emphasizing the differences between the right and left lungs, including the presence of the cardiac notch and lingula.

We then examine the pleura in detail, discussing the parietal and visceral layers, the pleural cavity, and the pleural recesses—highlighting the costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal recesses and their clinical significance in thoracentesis and drainage of pleural effusions.

The lecture continues with an examination of the bronchopulmonary segments, illustrating their surgical and clinical relevance, particularly in segmental lung resections and localized disease processes, such as pneumonia and bronchiectasis.

We also cover the vascular supply and lymphatic drainage of the lungs, emphasizing the pulmonary arteries, veins, and bronchial vessels, as well as the superficial and deep lymphatic plexuses. Autonomic innervation of the lungs is reviewed to explain bronchoconstriction, bronchodilation, and visceral pain referral patterns.

To conclude, we transition to @Anatomage where we visualize the lungs and pleura in real digital cadaveric images, reinforcing the spatial and three-dimensional relationships between the lungs, pleura, mediastinum, and diaphragm. This portion integrates anatomical understanding with clinical application to enhance mastery of thoracic anatomy.Enjoy the lecture, and please support us below!

Check out @Anatomage | https://anatomage.com/ninjanerds

Table of Contents:

0:00 Lab

Structural Anatomy:

01:13 Anatomy of the Tracheobronchial Tree

13:00 Lung Parenchyma & Segmental Anatomy

20:31 Pleural Anatomy

Vascular Supply:

24:08 Pulmonary Circulation

26:45 Bronchial Circulation

29:12 Lymphatic Drainage

33:42 Nervous Innervation

39:47 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy delivers a comprehensive breakdown of brain tumors, focusing on their classification, clinical features, diagnostic approach, and management. This high-yield session integrates neuroanatomy, neuropathology, and clinical medicine to differentiate tumors by both histologic type and anatomic location.

We begin by distinguishing supratentorial tumors, more common in adults and often presenting with seizures, focal neurologic deficits, and cognitive changes—from infratentorial tumors, more frequent in children and typically associated with ataxia, brainstem signs, and obstructive hydrocephalus. Examples include glioblastoma, meningioma, and oligodendroglioma in the supratentorial category, and medulloblastoma, ependymoma, and cerebellar astrocytoma in the infratentorial category.

The lecture reviews the clinical manifestations based on tumor location, including signs of increased intracranial pressure, focal deficits, and cranial nerve involvement. We discuss the diagnostic workup with MRI as the gold standard, supplemented by histopathologic evaluation and molecular markers such as IDH mutation, 1p/19q codeletion, and MGMT methylation for prognostic and therapeutic guidance.

Finally, we explore treatment strategies including surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted molecular therapies, along with management of complications like herniation syndromes.

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Table of Contents:
0:00 Lab
0:46 Pathophysiology of Brain Tumors
34:11 Causes of Brain Tumors
51:40 Classic Findings of Brain Tumors
1:39:50 Complications of Brain Tumors
2:05:34 Diagnostic Approach to Brain Tumors
2:30:10 Treatment Approach to Brain Cancer
2:41:04 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy discusses lung cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. This session breaks down the essential features of both non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), focusing on pathophysiology, histologic subtypes, clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, and treatment options.

We begin by exploring risk factors, including tobacco exposure, environmental carcinogens, and genetic predispositions. Zach then walks through the histologic classifications, covering adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma, emphasizing their distinct characteristics, locations within the lung, and typical clinical manifestations.

The lecture highlights paraneoplastic syndromes—such as SIADH, Cushing syndrome, and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome—and how they commonly present with SCLC. We also discuss the importance of imaging modalities like chest X-ray, CT, and PET scans, along with biopsy techniques and molecular testing for driver mutations (e.g., EGFR, ALK, ROS1) that guide targeted therapies.

Finally, we review staging (TNM system for NSCLC and limited/extensive staging for SCLC) and corresponding treatment approaches, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, and targeted agents, depending on the tumor type and disease progression.Enjoy the lecture and support us below!

Table of Contents:
0:00 Lab
0:45 Pathophysiology and Causes of Lung Cancer
42:17 Compressive Effects of Lung Tumors
1:02:32 Paraneoplastic Syndromes
1:30:10 Metastasis
1:39:02 Diagnostic Approach to Lung Cancer
2:10:18 Treatment of Lung Cancer
2:23:40 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy presents a comprehensive overview of breast cancer, one of the most common malignancies affecting women worldwide. This high-yield session explores the essential clinical features, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and treatment strategies for breast cancer, tying in key anatomy and histologic correlations throughout.

We begin by examining risk factors, including age, family history, genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2), estrogen exposure, and lifestyle factors. Then, we explore the pathogenesis of breast cancer, focusing on how mutations and hormonal signaling contribute to the malignant transformation of breast tissue.

Zach reviews the clinical presentation, highlighting common findings such as breast masses, nipple retraction, skin dimpling, and axillary lymphadenopathy. The lecture also covers the role of screening and diagnostic tools, including mammography, ultrasound, core needle biopsy, and histopathologic subtypes (e.g., ductal vs. lobular carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinomas).

The session concludes with a discussion on staging, prognostic markers (ER, PR, and HER2 status), and treatment options, such as surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted therapies like trastuzumab.

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Table of Contents:
0:00 Lab
0:32 Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer
1:02:00 Classic Findings of Breast Cancer
1:07:27 Complications of Breast Cancer
1:18:56 Diagnostic Approach to Breast Cancer
1:37:27 Treatment Approach to Breast Cancer
2:01:55 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy delivers a high-yield, in-depth breakdown of Plasma Cell Disorders, focusing on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, and treatment of diseases characterized by abnormal monoclonal plasma cell proliferation.

We begin by revisiting normal plasma cell development and the role of immunoglobulin production in humoral immunity. From there, Zach transitions into a comprehensive review of multiple myeloma, covering key concepts such as CRAB criteria (hyperCalcemia, Renal dysfunction, Anemia, Bone lesions), monoclonal (M) protein spike, and associated complications like AL amyloidosis and hyperviscosity syndrome.

The lecture continues with discussions on monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering multiple myeloma, and Waldenström macroglobulinemia. It highlights clinical differences, diagnostic markers (serum protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, bone marrow biopsy), and progression risk. Zach also covers the significance of light chain disease, including Bence-Jones proteins and renal involvement.

You’ll learn to differentiate these disorders using high-yield lab patterns (e.g., SPEP, UPEP, serum free light chains), bone marrow findings, and imaging techniques like skeletal surveys and MRI. Key treatment principles such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and stem cell transplant are also reviewed in the context of disease severity and staging. Please support us below!

Table of Contents:
0:00 Lab
1:20 Pathophysiology of Plasma Cell Disorders
19:19 Complications of Plasma Cell Disorders
59:17 Diagnostic Approach to Plasma Cell Disorders
1:11:01 Treatment of Plasma Cell Disorders
1:19:33 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy delivers a comprehensive and high-yield breakdown of Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS), focusing on the pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnostic criteria of this group of clonal stem cell disorders.

We begin with a review of normal hematopoiesis and then transition into the mechanisms behind ineffective myeloid cell production, including key genetic mutations and chromosomal abnormalities that contribute to dysplasia and cytopenias. We then cover the clinical presentation of MDS, emphasizing symptoms related to anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, as well as findings like macrocytic anemia, recurrent infections, and bleeding tendencies.

This lecture highlights the hallmark bone marrow biopsy findings, including hypercellularity with dysplastic morphology, ring sideroblasts, and increased blasts in higher-risk cases. We provide a step-by-step review of how to interpret peripheral smears and cytogenetic analysis and apply prognostic scoring systems like the IPSS-R.

We also compare MDS with other overlapping conditions such as aplastic anemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and vitamin B12/folate deficiency, helping you differentiate them based on lab findings, marrow features, and clinical context. You’ll learn about treatment strategies, from supportive care with transfusions and growth factors to disease-modifying agents like hypomethylating therapy, and the role of stem cell transplantation in eligible patients.

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Table of Contents:
0:00 Lab
0:15 Pathophysiology of MDS
4:18 Complications of MDS
10:26 Diagnostic Approach to MDS
15:14 Treatment of MDS
20:20 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy delivers a comprehensive and high-yield breakdown of Amyloidosis, focusing on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic approach to this complex and multisystem protein deposition disorder.

We begin by explaining the biochemical basis of amyloid, including the misfolding of precursor proteins into beta-pleated sheet configurations that resist degradation and deposit extracellularly in various tissues. We then cover the major types of systemic amyloidosis, including AL (light chain) amyloidosis, AA (secondary) amyloidosis, and hereditary forms, such as those involving transthyretin (ATTR), with emphasis on their pathogenesis and associated conditions.

This lecture walks through the clinical presentations of amyloidosis based on organ involvement, including restrictive cardiomyopathy, nephrotic syndrome, hepatomegaly, peripheral neuropathy, macroglossia, and periorbital purpura—hallmark features that are often tested on board exams.

We provide an in-depth overview of the diagnostic workup, including serum and urine protein electrophoresis with immunofixation (SPEP/UPEP + IFE), fat pad biopsy with Congo red staining, and echocardiographic findings such as speckled myocardium. You’ll also learn to distinguish between the different types of amyloidosis using clinical clues, imaging findings, and lab data.

We conclude with a high-yield review of treatment strategies, from chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation in AL amyloidosis to targeted therapies like tafamidis in ATTR amyloidosis. Key differences between forms of amyloidosis are reinforced through tables, mnemonics, and clinical pearls tailored for the USMLE, COMLEX, and PANCE.

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy delivers a comprehensive and high-yield breakdown of Lymphoma, focusing on the pathophysiology, classification, and clinical presentation of both Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This detailed session provides a clear, structured approach to understanding the malignant transformation of lymphoid cells and how these diseases present across various clinical settings.

We begin with an overview of the normal lymphatic system, then transition into the mechanisms of lymphomagenesis, including the role of genetic mutations, viral associations (such as EBV), and immune dysregulation. We then cover the Reed-Sternberg cells and their diagnostic significance in Hodgkin lymphoma, followed by a deep dive into the subtypes of both Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including their characteristic features, epidemiology, and typical presentations.

This lecture further explores clinical manifestations—such as painless lymphadenopathy, B symptoms, and extranodal involvement—and provides an organized review of the diagnostic workup, including excisional biopsy, immunophenotyping, and staging with PET-CT. We also walk through high-yield differences in prognosis and treatment strategies, from chemotherapy regimens like ABVD to targeted therapies like rituximab, and the indications for radiation and stem cell transplantation.

We conclude with a high-yield summary of the most tested facts on lymphoma for exams like the USMLE, COMLEX, and PANCE, including visual aids, clinical pearls, and memory hooks to solidify your understanding. Whether you’re prepping for boards or reviewing hematology-oncology, this lecture is your ultimate guide to mastering lymphoma. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!

Table of Contents:

0:00 Lab
0:32 Pathophysiology of Hodgkin Lymphoma
26:10 Pathophysiology of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
58:54 Complications | Lymphadenopathy
1:03:39 Complications | Mediastinal Mass
1:10:43 Complications | B-symptoms
1:14:21 Complications | Extranodal Disease
1:28:08 Complications | Tumor Lysis Syndrome
1:33:25 Diagnostic Approach to Lymphoma
1:47:11 Treatment of Lymphoma
1:56:18 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy delivers a comprehensive and high-yield breakdown of Myeloproliferative Neoplasias (MPNs), focusing on the pathophysiology, clinical features, and diagnostic evaluation of these hematologic disorders. This lecture gives you a clear and organized approach to understanding the major subtypes of MPNs and how they present in clinical practice.

We begin with an overview of normal myeloid hematopoiesis, followed by a deep dive into the molecular pathogenesis of MPNs, including the key driver mutations such as JAK2 V617F, CALR, and MPL. We then cover the four major classic MPNs—Polycythemia Vera, Essential Thrombocythemia, Primary Myelofibrosis, and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)—emphasizing their unique clinical findings, lab patterns, and mutation profiles.

This lecture explores hallmark features of each condition: erythrocytosis and aquagenic pruritus in PV, thrombocytosis and vasomotor symptoms in ET, bone marrow fibrosis and splenomegaly in PMF, and the BCR-ABL fusion gene and leukocytosis in CML. We also review potential complications, including thrombosis, hemorrhage, leukemic transformation, and marrow failure.

We use visual aids, flowcharts, and comparative tables to explain the diagnostic criteria, peripheral smear findings, and key differences between each MPN. You’ll also learn the treatment strategies, from phlebotomy and hydroxyurea to JAK inhibitors like ruxolitinib and tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib for CML.

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Table of Contents:

0:00 Lab
1:00 Pathophysiology of Myeloproliferative Neoplasia
36:37 Complications | Thrombosis
48:06 Complications | Bleeding
54:25 Complications | Splenomegaly
1:06:28 Diagnostic Approach to Myeloproliferative Neoplasia
1:15:58 Treatment of Myeloproliferative Neoplasia
1:23:22 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy presents on the anatomy of the Thoracic Wall. The session begins with a detailed digital presentation using professional anatomical illustrations to explore the key components of the thoracic wall, including the sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and associated joints such as the costovertebral, costotransverse, and sternocostal joints. Clinical landmarks like the sternal angle (Angle of Louis) and xiphisternal joint are emphasized for their anatomical and procedural relevance.

We then cover the muscles of the thoracic wall, including the external, internal, and innermost intercostals, along with supporting structures like the transversus thoracis, subcostal muscles, and accessory muscles of respiration. Their roles in breathing mechanics and respiratory compensation are clearly explained.

The lecture discusses the neurovascular structures of the thoracic wall, focusing on the intercostal nerves, internal thoracic artery, posterior intercostal vessels, and the azygos and hemiazygos venous systems. The presentation highlights significant clinical correlations such as intercostal nerve blocks, costochondritis, rib fractures, flail chest, and safe zones for chest tube placement.

To conclude, we transition to @Anatomage where we examine the same thoracic wall anatomy on real digital cadaveric images. This final portion of the lecture brings clinical context and three-dimensional realism to reinforce the anatomical relationships covered in the digital illustrations.

Anatomage | https://anatomage.com/ninjanerds/

Table of Contents:

0:00 Lab
0:54 Bones of the Thoracic Wall | Digital
6:30 Joints of the Thoracic Wall | Digital
9:02 Muscles of the Thoracic Wall | Digital
12:07 Nerves of the Thoracic Wall | Digital
14:56 Vessels of the Thoracic Wall | Digital
17:54 Clinical Correlations | Digital
19:26 Overview of the Thoracic Wall | Anatomage
24:58 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy delivers a comprehensive and high-yield breakdown of Chronic Leukemia, diving deep into the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic features of both Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). This video provides a clear, structured approach to understanding these hematologic malignancies, equipping you with the tools needed for both clinical application and board exam mastery.

We begin by reviewing the underlying pathogenesis of CML and CLL, including the role of the BCR-ABL fusion gene and Philadelphia chromosome in CML, as well as the immunophenotypic markers and lymphocytic dysfunction seen in CLL. Zach then transitions into a detailed discussion of hallmark laboratory findings, peripheral blood smear features, and diagnostic tests such as flow cytometry and FISH analysis.

The lecture continues with an in-depth review of the clinical manifestations and complications of chronic leukemia, including symptoms of anemia, splenomegaly, infections, and Richter transformation. You’ll also learn how to distinguish these disorders from other leukemias and lymphoproliferative conditions based on history, labs, and disease progression.

This lecture concludes with a high-yield overview of treatment strategies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib for CML and targeted agents like BTK inhibitors and venetoclax for CLL. With integrated tables, clinical pearls, and board-style insights, this session is perfect for students preparing for exams such as the USMLE, COMLEX, and PANCE. Enjoy the lecture and please support us below!

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy presents a high-yield, in-depth review of Antiplatelets, Anticoagulants, and Thrombolytics, essential agents in the management of thromboembolic disorders. This video explores the mechanisms of action, clinical indications, side effects, and contraindications of these life-saving drugs, with clear explanations that connect physiology to pharmacology.

In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Acute Leukemia. We will begin by differentiating between the two main types of acute leukemia—acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML)—focusing on their distinct cellular origins, epidemiology, and associated risk factors such as genetic mutations, prior chemotherapy, and certain congenital disorders.

We’ll then dive into the pathophysiology, highlighting how disruptions in normal hematopoiesis lead to the rapid proliferation of immature blast cells, crowding out healthy blood cell lines. This will set the stage for a discussion on the clinical manifestations, including anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, bone pain, and central nervous system involvement in certain subtypes.

From there, we transition into the diagnostic approach, covering key laboratory findings such as pancytopenia and circulating blasts, and essential diagnostic tools like peripheral smear, bone marrow biopsy, flow cytometry, and cytogenetic studies including t(12;21) and t(15;17).

Finally, we’ll explore treatment strategies, including the role of chemotherapy protocols like ALL induction regimens and ATRA therapy in APL (a subtype of AML), as well as the use of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in high-risk or relapsed cases. Enjoy the lecture, and please support us below!

0:00 Lab
0:41 Pathophysiology of Acute Leukemia
26:08 Classic Findings of Acute Leukemia
38:26 Complications of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
1:00:38 Complications of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
1:17:18 Diagnostic Approach to Acute Leukemia
1:24:28 Treatment of Acute Leukemia
1:37:31 Comment, Like, SUBSCRIBE!

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy delivers a comprehensive and high-yield breakdown of Coagulopathy, diving deep into the mechanisms, causes, and clinical significance of bleeding and clotting disorders related to the coagulation cascade. This video explores both congenital and acquired coagulopathies, offering a clear framework for understanding these critical hemostatic abnormalities.

We begin by reviewing the normal physiology of coagulation, including the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways, as well as the roles of vitamin K, calcium, and various coagulation factors. Zach then transitions into detailed discussions on common inherited coagulopathies like hemophilia A and B, and von Willebrand disease, highlighting key differences in pathophysiology, lab findings (such as PT, aPTT, and bleeding time), and clinical manifestations.

The lecture continues with a focused review of acquired coagulopathies, such as liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, anticoagulant use (e.g., warfarin, heparin), and DIC. You’ll also learn how to interpret mixing studies, identify patterns of lab abnormalities, and approach the evaluation of a bleeding patient using real clinical logic.

This lecture concludes with a high-yield comparison of the most commonly tested coagulopathies for exams like USMLE, COMLEX, and PANCE, incorporating memorable clinical pearls and integrative charts to help reinforce your understanding. Whether you’re in the preclinical years or prepping for boards, this video will give you the tools you need to master coagulopathy.

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy breaks down the essential concepts of Platelet Disorders, providing an in-depth review of the physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical relevance of these conditions. The lecture begins by exploring the origin, structure, and function of platelets in hemostasis, followed by a detailed discussion on quantitative and qualitative platelet disorders.

Topics include thrombocytopenia (with causes such as bone marrow failure, increased destruction, and sequestration), and thrombocytosis (both reactive and clonal), with a strong focus on the clinical implications and diagnostic approach. Zach also dives into immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)—explaining their distinguishing features, lab findings, and treatments.

The lecture wraps up with a high-yield comparison of the most commonly tested platelet disorders on board exams, with real clinical pearls to help you master this material. Whether you’re preparing for the USMLE or sharpening your clinical knowledge, this video is packed with valuable content to solidify your understanding.

Enjoy the lecture!

Ninja Nerds! In this extensive lecture, Professor Zach Murphy delves into the topic of blood transfusions, starting with the basics of whole blood and breaking it down into its components like packed red blood cells (PRBCs), platelets, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), cryoprecipitate, and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC). He explains in detail the indications for each type of blood product based on various clinical scenarios such as anemia, hemorrhagic shock, coagulopathies, and thrombocytopenia. The lecture then explores transfusion reactions, including febrile non-hemolytic reactions, hemolytic reactions (acute and delayed), allergic/anaphylactic reactions, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), and transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO). Finally, the video covers pre-transfusion testing processes, blood product modifications, and the proper response to transfusion reactions. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!

Ninja Nerds! In this lecture, we discuss Macrocytic Anemia, focusing on the primary types and their clinical significance. We cover Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Folate Deficiency, Alcohol Use Disorder, Hypothyroidism, Liver Disease, Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS), and Medication-Induced Macrocytosis.

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In this lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the Vagus Nerve

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In this lecture, we discuss Normocytic Anemia, focusing on the primary types and their clinical significance. We cover Aplastic Anemia, Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH), G6PD Deficiency, Hereditary Spherocytosis, Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA), Sickle Cell Anemia, Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA), and Acute Blood Loss Anemia (ABLA). Enjoy the lecture!

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In this lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the Glossopharyngeal Nerve!

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Microcytic Anemia, discussing key conditions such as Iron Deficiency Anemia, Anemia of Chronic Disease, Beta Thalassemia Major, and Sideroblastic Anemia. We’ll explore the underlying mechanisms of these anemias, including disruptions in hemoglobin synthesis and iron metabolism, as well as their clinical presentations and complications. The session will transition to a digital presentation focused on the diagnostic approach, including laboratory evaluation and imaging, as well as the treatment strategies for each type of microcytic anemia. Enjoy the lecture!

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In this lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the Vestibulocochlear Nerve. Please be sure to support us below!

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Diuretics, including the different classes such as loop diuretics, thiazides, potassium-sparing diuretics, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. We’ll explore their mechanisms of action, focusing on how each type affects electrolyte balance and fluid excretion in the kidneys. The session will transition to a digital presentation that highlights indications for diuretic use, common side effects, and specific considerations for managing conditions like hypertension, heart failure, and edema. Finally, we’ll discuss the monitoring and management strategies to optimize diuretic therapy in clinical practice. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!

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In this lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the Facial Nerve. Please be sure to support us below!

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on IV Fluids, covering key topics such as crystalloid solutions, osmolarity, and tonicity. We’ll discuss the various types of IV fluids, including isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions, and discuss their specific uses and effects on fluid balance within the body. The session will transition to a digital presentation focused on indications for IV fluid therapy, routes of administration, and the monitoring of patients’ volume status. Finally, we’ll review potential complications associated with IV fluid use and explore best practices for effective fluid management. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!

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In this informative lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the Trigeminal Nerve. Please be sure to support us below!

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Urinalysis in an exclusive digital format. We’ll cover the fundamentals of this essential diagnostic tool, examining the components of a routine urinalysis, including physical, chemical, and microscopic analysis. The lecture will explore the clinical significance of findings such as proteinuria, hematuria, and abnormal pH levels, helping you understand their implications in conditions like urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and metabolic disorders. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!

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In this lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens Nerves. Please be sure to support us below!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Nephrolithiasis, covering the types of kidney stones, including calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, struvite, uric acid, and cystine stones. We’ll dive into the pathophysiology behind stone formation and the factors that increase the risk of developing kidney stones. The session will then transition to a digital presentation focused on the clinical presentation, including symptoms like flank pain and hematuria, as well as the diagnostic approach with imaging and laboratory tests. Finally, we’ll review management strategies for Nephrolithiasis, discussing medical therapy, dietary modifications, and procedural interventions such as lithotripsy and ureteroscopy. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!

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In this informative lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, explores the optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II), demonstrating vision assessment techniques and explaining common conditions affecting eyesight. Please be sure to support us below!

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Cystic Kidney Disease, including autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), and simple versus complex renal cysts. We’ll explore the pathophysiology behind cyst formation and kidney enlargement, as well as how these conditions can lead to complications like hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and infection. The session will transition to a digital presentation focused on the diagnostic approach, highlighting imaging studies and genetic testing, as well as the management strategies for Cystic Kidney Disease, including both supportive and targeted therapies. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!

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In this informative lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, explores Cranial Nerve I - the olfactory nerve. She covers its unique structure, function, and pathway from nasal receptors to brain processing, along with common clinical conditions affecting our sense of smell.

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy presents on Tubulointerstitial Disease, covering a range of conditions such as Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN), Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN), and Papillary Necrosis. We will explore the pathophysiology of tubulointerstitial damage, focusing on both acute and chronic forms of the disease. The clinical manifestations can range from mild symptoms such as polyuria and nocturia to more severe outcomes like chronic kidney disease and electrolyte imbalances. The session will then transition to a digital presentation covering the diagnostic approach, including urinalysis, imaging studies, and biopsy techniques, as well as the management strategies for Tubulointerstitial Disease, emphasizing the treatment of underlying causes and supportive care. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!

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In this informative lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the cranial nerves. It will be an overview lecture on cranial nerves that discuss their location, function, and how they are assessed. Please help support us below!

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Glomerular Diseases. We will begin by discussing the pathophysiology of glomerular disorders, focusing on both nephrotic and nephritic syndromes. This will include understanding the underlying mechanisms and causes, such as primary glomerular disorders and systemic diseases with secondary glomerular involvement. We will then transition into the complications that arise from these disorders, including edema, hypertension, renal failure, and hypercoagulability. Following this, we will cover the diagnostic approach to differentiate between nephrotic and nephritic syndromes, and how to identify the underlying causes. Finally, we will conclude this lecture with the treatment of glomerular disorders, focusing on both complications and the underlying diseases. We hope you enjoy this lecture. Be sure to support us below!

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In this informative lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will discuss the blood flow to the brain, including the Circle of Willis.

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present on Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). During this lecture, we will start by discussing the causes of AKI. This will include the prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes. We will then transition into the pathophysiology and most common clinical features associated in patients with an AKI. We will then conclude this lecture with the diagnosis and treatment of an AKI. We hope you enjoy this lecture. Be sure to support us below!

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In this informative lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN, will delve into the complex topic of the Meninges that make up the Central Nervous System. We will explore their important functions and the crucial role they play in maintaining optimal neurological health. Please be sure to support us below!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will discuss Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). We will begin by exploring the various causes of CKD, including hypertension, diabetes, and glomerulonephritis. Following this, we will discuss the pathophysiology and most common clinical features associated with CKD, such as fatigue, fluid retention, and electrolyte imbalances. Finally, we will conclude the lecture by covering the diagnosis and management of CKD, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacologic therapies, and potential renal replacement therapies. We hope you find this lecture informative and engaging. Don’t forget to support us by liking, sharing, and subscribing below!

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In this lecture, Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will discuss the Brain Stem. This will include the midbrain, pons, and medulla. This lecture will also discuss a brief overview of cranial nerves III - XII which all exit from various locations within the brainstem. We hope you enjoy this video and be sure to support us below!

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Professor Zach Murphy explores Calcium Disorders, focusing on Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia, in this comprehensive lecture. The session delves into the pathophysiology, underlying causes, potential complications, diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies for both low and high calcium levels. Whether you're studying for exams or seeking a deeper understanding of calcium imbalances, this lecture provides valuable insights and practical knowledge.

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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing the Diencephalon which includes the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, and Subthalamus. You will be learning about these anatomical structures and functions in addition to a brief discussion on the Pineal and Pituitary Gland. We hope you enjoy this video and be sure to support us below!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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Professor Zach Murphy dives deep into Acid-Base Disorders in this comprehensive lecture. Covering both Metabolic and Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis, the session explores their pathophysiology, potential complications, underlying causes, and diagnostic approaches. Whether you're a medical student or a healthcare professional, this lecture provides essential insights into maintaining and understanding the body's acid-base balance.

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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing the Cerebellum. We will be describing the anatomical regions of the cerebellum and the cerebellar nuclei. We hope you enjoy this video and be sure to support us below!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present Potassium Disorders, which include hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. We will explore the pathophysiology of potassium imbalances, focusing on the conditions of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. The clinical manifestations can range from mild symptoms like muscle weakness to more severe outcomes such as arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. The session will then transition to a digital presentation covering the diagnostic approach, including laboratory evaluations and imaging studies, as well as the management strategies for Potassium Disorders, emphasizing acute and chronic treatment options. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!

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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing the Cerebrum & Cerebral Cortex. We will be identifying and describing the four major lobes of the brain including the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes in addition to describing each of their functions. We hope you enjoy this video and be sure to support us below!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will delve into Volume Disorders, featuring hypovolemia and hypervolemia. We'll explore the pathophysiology of these conditions, examining causes like poor intake, renal fluid loss, and excessive fluid retention. The session transitions to a digital presentation on the complications, including hypotension and edema, and their clinical manifestations such as tachycardia, altered mental status, and pulmonary edema. We'll then review the diagnostic approach, focusing on history, physical exams, and lab evaluations. Finally, management strategies will be discussed, highlighting treatments like fluid replacement and diuretics. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!

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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing the overview of the Central Nervous System (CNS). We will be discussing the structure and function of the cerebrum and cerebral cortex, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem, and the meninges. We hope you enjoy this video and be sure to support us below!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will present Sodium Disorders, which include hyponatremia and hypernatremia. We will discuss the pathophysiology behind sodium imbalances, focusing on conditions such as hyponatremia and hypernatremia. The session will then transition to a digital presentation covering the clinical manifestations, which can range from mild symptoms like nausea and headache to more severe outcomes such as seizures and coma. Finally, we will review the diagnostic approach, including laboratory evaluations and imaging studies, as well as the management strategies for Sodium Disorders, emphasizing acute and chronic treatment options. Enjoy the lecture and support us below!

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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Nephrolithiasis, also known as Kidney Stones. These renal calculi can be in several different forms including calcium oxalate stones, calcium phosphate stones, struvite stones (Staghorn), uric acid stones, and cystine stones. Calculi typically form in the kidneys and ideally leave the body spontaneously via the urethra without pain. Larger stones (like Struvite Stones) are very painful and may need surgical intervention. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso, Aldrich Christandy, and Sarah Abi

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Nephritic Syndrome. We will begin this lecture by explaining the normal anatomical functions of the glomerular filtration barrier. We will then define what Nephritic Syndrome is and all of the effects that it can have on patients. We will also be discussing the causes of Nephritic syndrome including Anti GBM Disease (Good Pasture Syndrome), ANCA Vasculitis (GPA, EPA, MPA), Hereditary Nephritis (Alport Syndrome), Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis, IGA Nephropathy, Lupus Nephritis, Membrano-Proliferative Glomerulonephritis. We conclude this lecture with the diagnostic approach to Nephritic Syndrome and how we can treat the complications that are a result from this disease. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Sarah Abi, Jude Loyola

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Urinary Tract Infections (UTI). A UTI is an infection in any part of the urinary system, the kidneys, bladder, or urethra.

Urinary tract infections are more common in women. They usually occur in the bladder or urethra, but more serious infections involve the kidney.

A bladder infection may cause pelvic pain, increased urge to urinate, pain with urination, and blood in the urine. A kidney infection may cause back pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever.

A UTI is most commonly treated with various antibiotics which we will be discussing in this lecture. We hope you enjoy this video!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Nephrotic Syndrome. We will begin this lecture by explaining the normal anatomical functions of the glomerular filtration barrier. We will then define what Nephrotic Syndrome is and all of the effects that it can have on patients. We will also be discussing the causes of Nephrotic syndrome including minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, and amyloid nephropathy. We conclude this lecture with the diagnostic approach to Nephrotic Syndrome and how we can treat the complications that are a result from this disease. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Gerard Jude Loyola

The illustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta

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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Renal Calculi. Renal Calculi (also called kidney stones, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys.

Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones. Kidney stones can affect any part of your urinary tract — from your kidneys to your bladder. Often, stones form when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together.

We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (also known as NHL, or sometimes just lymphoma) is a cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the body’s immune system. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Peritoneal Dialysis. Peritoneal Dialysis is a type of dialysis which uses the peritoneum in a person's abdomen as the membrane through which fluid and dissolved substances are exchanged with the blood. It is used to remove excess fluid, correct electrolyte problems, and remove toxins in those with kidney failure. Peritoneal dialysis has better outcomes than hemodialysis during the first couple of years. Other benefits include greater flexibility and better tolerability in those with significant heart disease.

Complications may include infections within the abdomen, hernias, high blood sugar, bleeding in the abdomen, and blockage of the catheter. Use is not possible in those with significant prior abdominal surgery or inflammatory bowel disease. It requires some degree of technical skill to be done properly.

In peritoneal dialysis, a specific solution is introduced through a permanent tube in the lower abdomen and then removed. This may either occur at regular intervals throughout the day, known as continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), or at night with the assistance of a machine, known as automated peritoneal dialysis (APD).

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Sarah Abi

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's germ-fighting immune system. In Hodgkin's lymphoma, white blood cells called lymphocytes grow out of control, causing swollen lymph nodes and growths throughout the body. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The illustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina

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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Hemodialysis. Hemodialysis is a procedure where a dialysis machine and a special filter called an artificial kidney, or a dialyzer, are used to clean your blood. In order to receive dialysis, a minor surgery is performed to the arm to create an arteriovenous shunt.

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Aspiration. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso, Sarah Abi

The illustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta

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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Chronic kidney disease, also known as chronic renal disease or CKD, is a condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time.

Chronic kidney disease includes conditions that damage your kidneys and decrease their ability to keep you healthy by filtering wastes from your blood. If kidney disease worsens, wastes can build to high levels in your blood and make you feel sick. You may develop complications like:

- Hypertension

- Anemia

- Osteoporosis

- Poor nutritional health

- Nerve damage

Kidney disease also increases your risk of having heart and blood vessel disease. These problems may happen slowly over a long time. Early detection and treatment can often keep chronic kidney disease from getting worse. When kidney disease progresses, it may eventually lead to kidney failure, which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to maintain life.

We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Esophageal Motility Disorders. An esophageal motility disorder (EMD) is a disorder of the esophagus that may cause swallowing difficulties, spasms of pain or regurgitation of food. During this lecture we will be discussing the four main types of esophageal motility disorders. These will include the following:

Achalasia: Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that affects the ability of the esophagus to move food toward the stomach. It may occur at any age, but is typically more common in middle-aged and older persons. It may be inherited, as well.

Diffuse Esophageal Spasm: This type of esophageal motility disorder is caused by spasm or poor contraction of the smooth muscle that lines the esophagus.

Esophageal scleroderma: As in most autoimmune disorders, the body attacks itself, causing the scarring and thickening of the esophagus tissues. This causes abnormal functioning of the smooth muscle of the esophagus, inhibiting its ability to move food toward the stomach.

We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso

The illustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina

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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). CML is a type of cancer that affects the blood and the bone marrow. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jude Loyola, and Jona Mae Frondoso

The illustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina

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In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Nephrotic vs. Nephritic Syndrome. We will be learning how these two conditions can be differentiated and how patients will most commonly present. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jude Loyola

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Esophagitis. Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus. Esophagitis can cause painful, difficult swallowing and chest pain. Many different things can cause esophagitis. Some common causes include stomach acids backing up into the esophagus, infection, oral medicines and allergies. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy

The llustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). CLL is a type of cancer that affects the blood and the bone marrow. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy, and Gerard Jude Loyola

The ilustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). AKI, previously called acute renal failure (ARF), denotes a sudden and often reversible reduction in kidney function, as measured by glomerular filtration rate (GFR).Although, immediately after a renal insult, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) or creatinine levels may be within the normal range. The only sign of acute kidney injury may be a decline in urine output. AKI can lead to the accumulation of water, sodium, and other metabolic products. It can also result in several electrolyte disturbances. It is a very common condition, especially among hospitalized patients. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy

The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the esophagus. This acid reflux can irritate the lining of your esophagus and cause damage and common clinical features which will be discussed during this lecture. Many people experience acid reflux from time to time. However, when acid reflux happens repeatedly over time, it can cause GERD. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso

The llustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML). AML is a type of cancer that affects the blood and the bone marrow. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy and Jude Loyola

The llustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Acute Glomerulonephritis. Acute glomerulonephritis is defined as inflammation and subsequent damage of the glomeruli leading to hematuria, proteinuria, and azotemia. It may be caused by primary renal disease or systemic conditions. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy

The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Pleural Diseases. The conditions we will be discussing will include pleural effusion, atelectasis, pneumothorax, and tension pneumothorax.

A pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in between the parietal and visceral pleura, called the pleural cavity. It can occur by itself or can be the result of surrounding parenchymal disease like infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.

Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or lobe of the lung. It occurs when the alveoli within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.

A pneumothorax is a collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity. It occurs when air accumulates between the parietal and visceral pleura inside the chest. The air accumulation can apply pressure on the lung and make it collapse.

A tension pneumothorax occurs when air accumulates between the chest wall and the lung and increases pressure in the chest, reducing the amount of blood returned to the heart. Symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and a racing heart, followed by shock.

We hope you enjoy this lecture!

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). ALL is a type of cancer that affects the blood and the bone marrow. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy and Jude Loyola

The llustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing BUN and Creatinine, which are important tests of kidney function. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso

The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

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Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. As a result, two TB-related conditions exist: latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB disease. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy & Jude Loyola

The llustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Pulmonary Hypertension! Pulmonary hypertension is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart. In one form of pulmonary hypertension, called pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), blood vessels in the lungs are narrowed, blocked or destroyed. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy

The llustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Glomerular Filtration Rate. During this lecture we will be discussing how the kidneys filter blood and how we measure these values utilizing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We will also be discussing how kidney diseases can affect the GFR and cause injury. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jan Camille Santico

The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Restrictive Lung Diseases or also known as Interstitial Lung Diseases. We begin this lecture by discussing the types of restrictive lung diseases and how they can develop. The types of restrictive lung diseases we discuss include granulomatous diseases, pneumoconiosis, and collagen vascular diseases. We will conclude this lecture by discussing the diagnosis and treatment of restrictive lung diseases. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jude Loyola, Jona Mae Frondoso and Sarah Abi

The llustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Pheochromocytoma. Adrenal Medulla Hormones: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Causes , Rule of 10’s, Pathophysiology, Diagnostic and Treatment Approach to Pheochromocytoma We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Sohani Kashi

The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Urinary Incontinence. We will begin this lecture by reviewing the physiology of the micturition reflex. We will then move into the different types of incontinence including urge, stress, overflow, mixed, and functional incontinence. We will conclude this lecture with the signs and symptoms, tests and assessments, nursing interventions, and the treatment / education of a patient that has urinary incontinence. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jude Loyola

The llustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Pneumonia. During this lecture we will be discussing the causes / pathophysiology, the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. We hope you enjoy this lecture and!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Aldrich Christandy

The illustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Adrenal Insufficiency. This includes Adrenal Cortex Hormones: Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens, Primary and Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency, Adrenal Crisis, Diagnostic and Treatment Approach to Adrenal Insufficiency. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Sohani Kashi

The llustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Urine Specific Gravity. Urine specific gravity is a laboratory test that shows the concentration of all chemical particles in the urine. The normal range for urine specific gravity is 1.0101 to 1.030. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories or institutions. Some labs use different measurements or test different samples. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Ana Guerra

The llustrations were made by the talented  Kitti Déak

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Obstructive Lung Diseases. The obstructive lung diseases we will be discussing is COPD, asthma, and bronchiectasis. We will be breaking this lecture down by discussing the causes & pathophysiology, features & complications, diagnosis, and treatment of each of these obstructive lung diseases. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

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The Introduction and Types, and Pathophysiology of Obstructive Lung DIseases by Jan Camille Santico

Features & Complications of Obstructive Lung Diseases by Sarah Abi

Diagnosis and Treatment by Jude Loyola

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The illustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta

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Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Hyperaldosteronism. Hyperaldosteronism occurs when the adrenal glands release too much aldosterone. Primary hyperaldosteronism is due to a problem of the adrenal glands themselves. Most cases are caused by a noncancerous (benign) tumor of the adrenal gland. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jude Loyola

The llustrations were made by the talented  Natalya Gerzhgorina

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Urine Formation and Micturition. During this lecture we will briefly review the blood flow of the Kidney. We will then discuss how filtrate is formed through processes like glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. We will then conclude this lecture on micturition and the mechanisms that allow for us to know when it is time to urinate. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso

The llustrations were made by the talented  Kitti Déak

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Lung Neoplasms. The lung neoplasms we will be discussing will be separated into categories including mediastinal masses, lung cancer, and pulmonary nodule. We will then be moving into the features and complications of lung neoplasms. We conclude this lecture with the diagnosis and treatment of lung neoplasms. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Ana Guerra

The illustrations were made by the talented Juhi Gupta

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Zach Murphy will be presenting on Cushing's Syndrome. During this lecture we will start by discussing the hormone Cortisol and the reasons why excess Cortisol results in many abnormal features. We will also be comparing Cushing's Syndrome vs Cushing's Disease and how they differ from each other. We hope you enjoy this lecture!

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Gerard Jude Loyola

The illustrations were made by the talented Natalya Gerzhgorina

Ninja Nerds!

In this lecture Professor Kristin Beach, MSN, BSN, RN will be discussing Basic Renal Lab Values. We will be discussing three basic lab values that you must know for the NCLEX and when assessing the kidneys. These will include the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), and Creatinine. We hope you enjoy this lecture !

The lecture notes were written by the Ninja Nerd writer Jona Mae Frondoso

The illustrations were made by the talented Kitti Déak